An arteriovenous (AV) fistula is an abnormal connection or passageway between an artery and a vein. In medical terms, “arterio” refers to arteries, and “venous” refers to veins. An AV fistula can occur in various parts of the body, but it is commonly associated with dialysis access in patients with kidney failure.

In the context of dialysis, an AV fistula is surgically created by connecting an artery to a nearby vein, usually in the arm. This connection allows high-pressure arterial blood to flow directly into the vein, causing the vein to enlarge and become stronger over time. A matured AV fistula provides a suitable site for repeated needle insertions during dialysis treatments, allowing efficient removal and return of blood to the body during dialysis sessions.

AV fistulas are preferred over other types of vascular access for dialysis, such as arteriovenous grafts or central venous catheters, because they tend to have fewer complications, longer lifespan, and better blood flow rates. Additionally, they are less prone to infection and clotting compared to other forms of vascular access.